Sixty times a second the buckets empty through a diode that converts the photons to electric charges.
This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges.
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With that exception, all electric charges were expected to be exact multiples of an electron's negative one, or its positive equivalent.
The capsules are arranged as pixels and electric charges applied to each pixel pull either the black or the white particles towards the top of the capsule (and the opposite colour to the bottom).
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The molecular biologist, who is founder and president of NovaRx, mixes four different irradiated lung cancer cell lines with some DNA he has constructed, then gives the mixture several electric charges so they bind together.
The most common batteries are made up of negative and positive halves (the anode and the cathode), a material to separate them, and "current collector" layers at top and bottom to gather up the electric charges moving through.
It is believed that their strong electric charges attract them either to the viruses (thus inactivating them) or to the cells of the vaginal wall (thus covering those cells like a coat of paint and preventing viruses from entering the body).
The fully electric car charges via a standard 100-volt AC outlet, and it's decked out with gull-wing doors and motion detection courtesy of Microsoft's Kinect.
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It combines a petrol engine with an electric motor which charges its batteries.
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The company sells the Fluence but owns the battery, the most expensive component of an electric car and charges drivers for the miles they drive.
In May, auto industry officials and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Energy Department discussed potential dangers faced by first responders from electrical charges produced by hybrid and electric cars.
The gasoline engine only turns a generator, which charges the battery and sends electricity to two electric traction motors that drive the car.
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