Karlan, Appel, Duflo and Banerjee tackle that question through randomized control trials (RCTs).
While high-end evaluation methods like randomized control trials (RCTs) are the surest means of determining what interventions in fact cause certain outcomes, they are also time-consuming and costly and beyond the means of many, if not most, mainstream nonprofits.
FORBES: An Interview with Paul Carttar, Director of the Social Innovation Fund
These are the gold standard randomized control trials or intervention studies, in which a control group consuming soda is monitored for weight gain over time against a group which stops drinking soda (and all other dietary and lifestyle factors are controlled for).
FORBES: ABC News Attacks Scientist Who Exposed Bias In Obesity Research
But with the last round of defections in late 1998, the Prime Minister changed his stance, and has since engaged the U.N. in a cat-and-mouse game over control of the trials.
CNN: ASIANOW - TIME Asia | CAMBODIA: Will Justice Ever be Served?
He figured that smallish trials with no control group too often yield ambiguous data.
Industry executives should think back to an earlier precedent: the move in cancer trials pushed by Genentech more than a decade ago to make mid-stage trials mirror approval studies, with control groups and patients who are randomly assigned either to get the drug or not.
FORBES: How A Failed Alzheimer's Drug Illustrates The Drug Industry's Gambling Problem
Thankfully, after many trials with some errors, we loved the control that the unit placed at our fingers, as TB promised.
ENGADGET: Turtle Beach XP Seven Series headset review: a new era of tournament-grade gaming audio
So yet another result that the organisers hope will come out of the road trials is some way of simplifying this electronic control system.
The long delay in getting the ENHANCE out is likely to raise questions about how much control drug companies should have over the conduct of their clinical trials.
The long delay to getting the Enhance study out is likely to raise questions about how much control drug companies should have over the conduct of their clinical trials.
In stark contrast to ImClone, which rashly tested Erbitux in only 120 patients with no control group, AstraZeneca enrolled 2, 000 patients in late-stage trials to compare how long patients survive on a combination of chemotherapy and Iressa versus chemo and a placebo.
Both projects were rigorous randomized trials, comparing kids who got pre-K benefits with a control group that didn't.
In 2002 the Institute of Medicine (which is not part of the NIH, but is the health arm of the National Academy of Sciences) called for the creation of a National Vaccine Authority that would have sweeping responsibilities, including market research, the establishment of priorities, control of intellectual-property rights, the conduct of in-house research and development and the financing of clinical trials of candidate vaccines.
应用推荐