Founded as a result of an anti-colonial war against the British, the United States had sought to expand westward by adding new states and citizens that enjoyed equal rights with those that existed.
If colonisation assisted Western hegemony, the end of the colonial era after the second world war set the stage for the rise of China.
Previously secret documents show British officials covered up evidence about the assassination of a colonial governor in East Asia after World War II, fearing the truth might spark a war.
Aceh enjoyed a long period as an independent sultanate until it was occupied by the Dutch in 1871, and even then it continued to fight against colonial rule right up to the second world war.
Another was added after Spain went to war with Britain in 1804, and tried to increase its colonial revenues, especially from Mexico.
Vietnam has turned down a request to scatter the ashes of a French war veteran at the site of a battle which helped end colonial rule by France.
His sympathies, born of his childhood experiences among the peasantry in northern France during the first world war, were always with the underdog, and he did not spare the colonial authorities for their role in Africa's misfortunes.
The Canadian gallery focuses on two of the most prominent figures from the war, Sir Isaac Brock and Laura Secord, the hero and heroine of Upper Canada, the colonial name for most of modern-day Ontario.
WSJ: 1812 | Canadian War Museum | Four Ways to Look at a War | By Mark Yost
History: "Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam, " by Fredrik Logevall (Random House), a balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war.
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