It took two years to get a stable, crystalline form of the hepatitis C protease enzyme for study.

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Peroxynitrites contribute to the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins by oxidating g-protein coupled receptors and trysoine kinase receptors preventing protein kinase C and AKT from inactivating the enzyme GSK3 which is necessary to prevent the hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins.

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Professor Seth Grant, an expert in the molecular mechanism of learning and memory at Edinburgh University, told BBC News Online that PKM was a particular version of an enzyme called protein kinase C (PKC) that had long been implicated in learning.

BBC: Scientists boost memory power

The hepatitis C protease is a particularly tough target because, unlike the similar enzyme in HIV, it has relatively few nooks and crevices into which to cram a druglike chemical.

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Every time the enzyme connects two bases--an A to a T or a C to a G--an electrically charged ion is released and detected by sensors on the machine.

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C-Sixty's fullerene-based drug scuppers this process by settling snugly into the enzyme's active site, stopping it functioning.

ECONOMIST: Nanotechnology in biology