The transportation-energy landscape of two decades hence will require all of the above, and electrons, too.
On its own, the pressure exerted by the protons and electrons of the solar wind is even more feeble than the photon pressure.
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He compares this to a battery-powered light, in which you hook up the wires and electrons flow to make a light bulb turn on.
Stars form most easily from molecular hydrogen, but for the first few million years, most hydrogen would have been ionised into protons and electrons.
What makes a free radical so reactive, however, is that unlike most molecules it has an odd number of electrons and electrons prefer to arrange themselves in pairs.
If an electric charge is applied to the crystal, these holes and electrons will move in opposite directions, knocking into the lattice and creating more and more holes.
And those electrons drift up into a gas layer, and when they hit the gas and you get another flash of light.
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The dye acts like chlorophyll, the pigment that makes plants green and that is responsible for absorbing sunlight and liberating electrons.
Electricity can move along them with little resistance, and without electrons scattering off in other directions as they do in metal wires.
One is to reduce the electrical losses by putting thin metal lines used to collect and transport electrons on the back of the cells.
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The idea is that when WIMPs crash into each other, they annihilate and produce two particles electrons and positrons which are much easier to detect than the WIMPs themselves.
Dr Koshiba's device, which worked by detecting light generated as a result of collisions between neutrinos and the electrons in water, was located down a Japanese zinc mine.
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At the cathode, the protons and the electrons react with oxygen from the air to make water which, to the joy of environmentalists, is the only waste product of such a cell.
If you're a frequent reader you're surely well aware of the potential of spin torque transfer memory, or STT-MRAM, and how spin-polarized magnetic currents (and the electrons they love to caress) might hold the potential to revolutionize storage as we know it.
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Colliding and annihilating Wimps ought to produce showers of these electrons and positrons.
The Sun's magnetic field and solar wind - mainly in the form of electrons and protons coming out of the Sun - protects the entire Solar System by acting as a sort of shield from cosmic rays (very energetic particles and radiation from outer space).
For Mattis, Weston's intricate portraits of objects like peppers, cabbages and shells reflected his own obsessively detailed study of quarks, electrons and photons.
The resulting cascade of electrons and holes is easy to detect, showing that light has struck.
On one side of the membrane, hydrogen is decomposed into its constituent electrons and protons.
This will be reduced almost instantly to a soup of electrons and nuclei.
Of these, nearly eight billion were fast-moving electrons and their anti-matter counterparts, positrons.
As a result of these collisions, the atoms in the beams would lose electrons and become positively charged ions.
The atoms in question were stripped of their outer electrons and trapped in an electric field, in a vacuum, at extremely low temperatures.
When a current is applied across the sandwich, the electrons and holes team up at the junction of the two materials and release energy in the form of light.
As Dr Colin described on July 9th to the International Cosmic Ray Conference held in Lodz, Poland, the moon blocks electrons and positrons as effectively as it blocks light.
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The Standard Model (see table) includes familiar particles such as electrons and photons, and esoteric ones like the W and Z bosons, which carry something called the weak nuclear force.
By extracting electrons and energy-laden gas, his 2006-founded company, Cambrian Innovation, has developed a product that can cut the cost of treating wastewater by 30% to 60%, depending on the application area.
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But building solar cells, the devices that convert photons from the sun into streams of electrons and electricity, is complex, expensive magic to pull off--and has burned many entrepreneurs and investors in the past.
Well, we still don't quite understand the exact nature of dark matter, but highly precise measurements of positron fraction (the ratio of positrons to electrons and protons) do bring us a small step closer to proving the existence of the theoretical material.
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