This involves shining light through a patterned mask and on to the surface of a chip, so as to change the chemical properties of the exposed parts of that chip.

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Andrew Scott, prosecuting, told the court how a female student had completed an eight-minute session in a cubicle at the salon and was getting dressed when she spotted the red light of Graves' camcorder shining through a gap in the wall.

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But reforms should be aimed at shining a light on this dark corner of the financial markets through better disclosure, not banning or invalidating the instruments.

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