新达尔文主义认为这种不完整性，从根本上来自于有关的物种成员的基因组突变。
Neo-Darwinism suggests that such imperfections arise primarily from mutations in the genomes of members of the species in question.
突变可以是由辐射、化学作用、外部病原体(如：病毒)或细胞分裂时基因组复制错误造成。
Mutations can be induced by radiation, chemical treatment, foreign pathogens (e.g. viruses), or due to errors that occur during replication of the genome each time a cell divides.
然而通过对她的整个基因组测序发现，一个编号为TP53的基因发生了突变，而这正促使了肿瘤的形成。
Full genome sequencing, however, revealed she had a mutation in a gene called TP53, which suppresses tumor formation.
Plexxikon之所以能开发出这种药物，是因为研究人员利用基因测序仪绘出了黑色素瘤细胞的基因组，并发现了一个关键的突变。
Plexxikon was able to develop the drug because researchers using a gene sequencing machine had mapped the genomes of melanoma cells and found a key mutation.
如果你有突变体基因，那这个突变基因有可能和人类基因组中的有利基因共同表达。
If you have the mutant gene, that might be co-expressed with favourable components of the human genome.
他们把这种番荔枝的基因组跟拟南芥的基因突变做了比对，后者经常被用在研究领域。
They compared its genome to that of a seedless mutant of a plant called Arabidopsis that's used in a lot of research.
于是，皮特·梅尼霍德突变了酵母菌的基因组，用可以生产异丁醇的酶学途径的基因代替了那些控制乙醇发酵的基因。
So Peter Meinhold rewired the yeast genome, replacing genes that controlled ethanol fermentation with genes for a enzymatic pathway that would produce isobutanol.
另一方面其或许有利于解释：当那些具有遗传一致性的母系细胞随着年龄的增长而变得慢慢在基因组上彼此不同的时候，这种基因组上的突变模式或许与老年疾病有关。
On the other hand it might help explain patterns of disease associated with ageing as cells whose ancestors were genetically identical slowly diverge from one another.
他们已发现突变通路，这比认识整个基因组更有直接的实践和临床价值。
They have found mutation routes that are of more immediate practical and clinical value than knowing the whole genome.
每年致3.45万人死亡的肺癌，其基因组包含2.3万个突变；而每年致2000人死亡的皮肤癌，其基因组包含3.3万个突变。
The lung cancer genome, which kills 34,500 people a year, contained more than 23,000 mutations, the melanoma, which kills 2,000 people a year, more than 33,000.
在人类基因组的突变被视为潜在的灾难性事件，导致肿瘤发生。
Mutations in the human genome are regarded as potentially disastrous events that lead to carcinogenesis.
本月初北京基因组研究所发表在科学杂志上的一项研究指出，一种特殊的基因突变使得藏族人能够适应高海拔的环境。
A study led by the Beijing Genomics Institute and published in Scienceearlier this month identified a particular genetic mutation as a key to Tibetans' high-altitude adaptability.
这些改变可能包括基因组的大量缺失，或者额外重复片断的增加，特别是快速突变和常见的变异。
Such changes could include wholesale deletions of chunks of the genome or additions of extra copies. Cancer genomes, in particular, mutate rapidly and contain frequent abnormalities.
按照定义，一个孤雌生殖的种群全部是雌性，无论赋予或去除稀有突变，结果都是：一只轮虫的后代的基因组与她完全一样。
A parthenogenetic population is, by definition, all female and the result, give or take the odd mutation, is that a rotifer's daughters are genetically identical to her.
在对数千个肿瘤基因组进行测序后，科学家发现每天吸烟20支的人每年每个肺细胞累积平均有150个基因突变。
Having sequenced thousands of tumour genomes, they found a 20-a-day smoker would rack up an average of 150 mutations in every lung cell each year.
MGMT和TP53基因在保持基因组稳定性和防止细胞突变或癌变方面具有重要的功能。
MGMT and TP53 genes play an important role in maintaining genomic stability and protecting cells against mutations or carcinogenesis.
从病人外周血白细胞中提取出的基因组dna的KATP的基因序列显示其中有一处基因突变。
The sequencing of KATP channel genes, using genomic DNA extracted from the patient's peripheral white blood cells, revealed a genetic mutation.
比较健康和疾病的基因组光学图谱可以引导研究者发现关键的基因突变。
Comparing optical maps of healthy and diseased genomes can guide researchers to crucial mutations.
目的对人类博卡病毒的基因组结构、系统进化以及突变规律进行分析。
Objective To analyze the genomic structure, phyletic evolution and mutation rules of human bocavirus.
研究结果表明，这个长度热点突变区的核苷酸序列分析是研究小麦与山羊草叶绿体基因组之间遗传变异关系的一个非常有效的途径。
The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
大多数突变发生在功能上不重要的基因组区域。
Most mutations occur in functionally unimportant regions of the genome.
全基因组学关联研究所产生的数据结果是巨大的，但是很少能直接鉴别出突变和病症之间的功能关系。
The output of genome-wide association studies is vast, yet it is rarely straightforward to identify the functional connection between a variant and a disorder.
斑马鱼基因组测序计划在突变图谱与克隆，及比较基因组研究计划中扮演着重要的角色。
The zebrafish genome sequencing project has played important roles in mutant mapping and cloning, and comparative genomic research projects.
基因组学时代已经使得科学家能够更容易地提出有关突变、进化、基因和基因组结构、功能和调控的真实地全局问题。
The genomics era has enabled scientists to more readily pose truly global questions regarding mutation, evolution, gene and genome structure, function, and regulation.
多态性的产生是由突变或重排造成的，因此RAPD可以用于基因组的特征标记。
For different genetic locations the results of amplification show diversities which result from mutation and recomposition of genomes, so RAPD can identify genomes.
双链断裂得不到修复，细胞将会死亡或发生染色体断裂、丢失，若是错误修复将导致基因突变或基因组不稳定，增加癌症的风险度。
If not repaired, the breakage can result in lethality or chromosome breakage, and if misrepaired, it can cause mutation, gene instability and the increased rate of tumorigenesis.
T - DNA标签法转化植物建立突变体库是植物功能基因组研究的重要而有效的方法。
Using T-DNA tagging approach for transforming plant is a powerful tool for the study of plant functional genome.
在过去的十年中，癌症基因组测序的进展表明癌细胞具有非常高的基因突变率。
Throughout the past decade, advances in cancer genome sequencing have revealed cancer cells have very high rates of genetic mutations.
抽提外周血基因组dna，对DAX1基因2个外显子(外显子1和2)的PCR扩增产物进行测序分析；无突变者行SF 1基因(外显子2 ~ 7)突变筛查。
Genome DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, exon 1 and exon 2 of DAX1 gene were amplified by PCR for sequencing, and mutation screening of SF1 gene (exon 2-7) was conducted.
抽提外周血基因组dna，对DAX1基因2个外显子(外显子1和2)的PCR扩增产物进行测序分析；无突变者行SF 1基因(外显子2 ~ 7)突变筛查。
Genome DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, exon 1 and exon 2 of DAX1 gene were amplified by PCR for sequencing, and mutation screening of SF1 gene (exon 2-7) was conducted.
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