第三部分介绍美国因果关系推定的理论与实践。重点介绍信赖推定与欺诈市场理论。

The third part is to introduce the theories and practices of presumption, while mainly focusing on the theories of reliance presumption and fraud-on-the-market.

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增值税欺诈一直是该市场的一个问题，它是指税赋已经作为交易的一部分征收，但并未向任何政府上缴。

VAT fraud, in which tax is charged as part of a transaction but not surrendered to any government, has long been a problem in the market.

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FSA还一向致力于抵押市场的反欺诈运动。

The FSA has been pursuing its campaign against fraud in the mortgage market, too.

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The respondents were asked to identify the organization that insures you against losing money in the stock market or as the result of investment fraud.

被调查者被问到是否知晓,在股票市场或者在投资欺诈案中,保护他们的资金不受损失的机构

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选