第三部分介绍美国因果关系推定的理论与实践。重点介绍信赖推定与欺诈市场理论。
The third part is to introduce the theories and practices of presumption, while mainly focusing on the theories of reliance presumption and fraud-on-the-market.
增值税欺诈一直是该市场的一个问题，它是指税赋已经作为交易的一部分征收，但并未向任何政府上缴。
VAT fraud, in which tax is charged as part of a transaction but not surrendered to any government, has long been a problem in the market.
但是在互联网上我们可以看到一个自由市场是如何处理欺诈的。
But even here we see how a free market deals with this activity.
FSA还一向致力于抵押市场的反欺诈运动。
The FSA has been pursuing its campaign against fraud in the mortgage market, too.
德意志银行在经济繁荣时期是抵押债券的狂热销售者，就连交易员们确信市场会出现萧条时也是如此，这一点加强了高盛曾面临的那种欺诈指控。
It was an eager seller of mortgage securities during the boom, even as its traders were betting on a market slump, fuelling the same allegations of duplicity that Goldman Sachs has faced.
杰夫·雅各比是市场万能论者，波士顿环球报撰稿人。出于同样的理由，他反对价格欺诈法：“并非对市场狮子大开口。”
Jeff Jacoby, a pro-market commentator writing in the Boston Globe, argued against price-gouging laws on similar grounds: "it isn't going to charge what the market will bear."
但现在市场动荡不安，数以千计的投资者遭遇欺诈而损失惨重，马多夫(Madoff)几乎成为了一个人人皆知的动词。
Now the market is in chaos and thousands of investors have been devastated by fraud, with Madoffed threatening to become an all-too-common verb.
6月6日，它一致否决了一个低级法院的裁定——限制投资者向石油服务公司Halliburton提起“市场欺诈”的诉讼。
On June 6th it unanimously threw out a lower court's decision that restricted the ability of investors to bring a "fraud on the market" lawsuit against Halliburton, an oil-services firm.
它对操纵市场、欺诈和其它市场上的滥用行为规定了监管和强制手段。
And it provides for regulatory and enforcement tools to go after manipulation, fraud, and other abuses in these markets.
机器学习可以应用于各种目的，从游戏、欺诈检测到股票市场分析。
Machine learning USES run the gamut from game playing to fraud detection to stock-market analysis.
如果利用市场的人不受调控，他们就会发行欺诈性的金融工具。
If people who use markets are not regulated, they issue fraudulent financial instruments.
操纵市场行为的法律性质不是垄断、恶意投机，而是证券欺诈。
The legal attribute of market manipulation is not monopoly or vicious speculation, but securities fraud.
我国证券市场欺诈行为盛行的重要原因之一就是，证券民事赔偿制度的缺位。
One of the major reasons for these securities frauds is without civil compensation system of security tort in China security market .
保险欺诈损害保险合同当事人的合法权益，扰乱保险市场秩序。
Insurance cheating does damage to legitimate right of contract party and disturb order of insurance market.
任何人不得利用上市公司收购散布虚假信息，扰乱市场秩序或者进行其他欺诈活动。
No individuals shall spread false information, disturb the market order, or undertake other fraudulent activities by taking advantage of the takeover of the listed companies.
充分、及时和有效的信息披露能够防止证券市场的欺诈、不公平现象，增强投资者信心，保护投资者利益。
Adequate, timely and effective information disclosure can prevent the fraud, unfair phenomena in security markets, strengthen the confidence of investors and protect their interests.
但即使没有这样的规定，市场有其自身的方式，限制或减少误导或欺诈消费者。
But even without such regulations, the market has its own ways to limit or reduce misinformation or fraud to the consumers.
在理论分析的基础上尝试提出治理旅游欺诈的市场和组织思路。
Based on the analysis above, this article poses solution thinking of market and organization.
客户欺诈在一定程度上抑制了消费，这会妨碍电信运营商和电信用户的亲密度，从而削弱电信运营商的市场竞争力。
Customer fraud restrains the consumptions of customers to a certain extent, which might impede good-fellowship between telecom service providers and customers.
本文用经济学分析及实证的方法研究了中国证券市场关于信息披露的欺诈行为。
This paper, using economic and positivist analysis, studies the swindling act about information disclosure in China's securities markets.
许多国家的历史经验显示，涉及到大笔资金的金融市场总会存在相当大的欺诈和其他不正当行为的风险。
Historical experience in many countries has shown that where large sums of money are involved in financial markets there is a considerable danger of fraud or other malpractices.
另一方面，由于市场的日益复杂化消费者常会遇到欺诈行为。
On the other hand, due to the growing complexity of the market, consumers are often faced with deceptive practices.
虚假陈述行为是证券市场上一种严重的证券欺诈行为。
Misrepresentation is a kind of serious security fraud on security market.
研究结果表明市场因素，如欺诈率、产品价格和卖方声誉是决定买方是否采用第三方担保服务的重要因素。
Results show that market level factors, such as fraud rate, product price, and seller's reputation are important in determining buyers 'oes adoption.
第五条证券的发行、交易活动，必须遵守法律、行政法规；禁止欺诈、内幕交易和操纵证券市场的行为。
Article 5 securities shall be issued and traded in conformity with laws and administrative regulations. Fraud, insider trading and manipulation of the securities market are prohibited.
近年来，我国证券市场上欺诈隐瞒事件令人触目惊心，显现了我国上市公司在投资者关系管理(irm)方面的严重缺失。
In recent years, fraud and disguise leave us all speechless from shock in our country stock market, and show that IRM of our country listed company imperfect and absent seriously.
近年来，我国证券市场上欺诈隐瞒事件令人触目惊心，显现了我国上市公司在投资者关系管理(irm)方面的严重缺失。
In recent years, fraud and disguise leave us all speechless from shock in our country stock market, and show that IRM of our country listed company imperfect and absent seriously.
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