在那之前，欧洲的书都是手工抄写的，所以很贵。

Before that, books in Europe were copied by hand, so they were very expensive.

youdao

中世纪时印刷机尚未发明，要出版一本书，每一个单词的每一个字母都得用手工辛苦的刻出来。

During the Middle Ages before the invention of printing presses, every letter of a word had to be painstakingly transcribed by hand for each copy of a published book.

youdao

栩栩如生的水彩插图和刻印雅致手工字的食谱填满了书的每一页，那些文字，令我们无限缅怀这一正在消亡的艺术——手写注记。

The pages of this cookbook beckon with vibrant watercolor illustrations and recipes written in the kind of delicate hand lettering that make us mourn penmanship as a dying art.

youdao

So, Barth is taking a risk that this little craft project emphasizes and that the stories in the book act out.

所以，这个小小的手工作品强调了，书中的故事,展示了巴斯冒的风险。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选