采用宏观、微观检验、化学成分分析等方法，对失效件进行了检测。
The failure components were examined by macro and microscopical analysis and so on.
叙述了液压系统橡胶密封的原理、失效原因和对失效所采取的措施。
This article talks about the principle of rubber seal in hydraulic system, its failure and countermeasures.
采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对失效铁路车辆铆钉的微观组织与断口进行分析。
The microstructure and tensile fracture of railway vehicle rivet were analyzed by OM and SEM.
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