While we are on the level of general theory, let me point out that restraining competition in resource use is costly, and these costs are somewhat misleadingly called transaction costs.

既然在讨论一般性的理论，我要指出约束资源使用的竞争是需要费用的。这些费用被称为交易费用，实在有点误导。

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Darwin's theory of the struggle for existence and the selectivity connected with it has by many people been cited as authorization of the encouragement of the spirit of competition.

达尔文的生存竞争以及与此相联系的选择理论已被许多人作为鼓励竞争精神的权威依据来引用。

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In theory, the European Commission is encouraging similar competition with its new payment-services directive (PSD), due to come into force in 2009.

理论上来讲，欧委会奖励与新的付费服务导航同样的竞争，因为这种系统2009年才生效。

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So, so far what we've done is we've looked at this sort of classic, I admit not the most exciting game in the world, but classic application of Game Theory to imperfect competition.

到现在为止我们只学了经典案例,我承认这不是什么有趣的博弈,只是博弈论在不完全竞争市场的应用

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

So it is with perfect competition: the theory may well never quite work out in the real world.

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"The theory is that private sector competition will drive down the cost of drugs, " she said.

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"The theory is that private sector competition will drive down the cost of drugs, " Feinstein said last month upon the bill's passage.

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