demand substitution 需求替代
Creative ideas not only produce their own instruments of survival as time and circumstances demand, but permit the substitution of new forms for old under the pressure of changed circumstances.
创造性的思想不仅随着时间和环境的需要产生自己的生存工具，而且允许在已变化环境的压力下用新的形式代替旧的形式。
In reality, the picture is complicated by the substitution in both supply and demand among different agricultural commodities, and by the role of the corn ethanol program.
实际上，在供求两个方面都有不同农产品作替换，加之玉米乙醇项目的实施，导致上述简单的关系变得复杂化。
On the aspect of labor demand, this paper focuses on the substitution effects of capital and technology and the income effects.
劳动力需求方面，重点分析了资本和技术的替代作用以及收入水平对劳动力需求的影响。
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