Stripped of their pretentious verbiage, his statements come dangerously close to inviting racial hatred.

脱去那些矫饰费解的冗词赘语的外衣，他的言论有挑起种族仇恨的危险。

《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

The hollowed-out A300 was stripped of everything potentially harmful to the environment and sunk off the Aegean coast today.

这架挖空了的 A300 客机被剥离掉了所有可能对环境有潜在危害的东西，并于今天沉没在爱琴海沿岸。

youdao

He was disgraced and stripped of his title.

他名誉扫地，被取消了头衔。

《牛津词典》

He has since been stripped of his citizenship. His trial is expected to last until May.

VOA: standard.2009.11.30

And if you were suddenly stripped of your ability to make generalizations, you'd be at a loss.

如果你突然失去了,归纳的能力，你就会一头无绪。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

And he's stripped off all of the non-valence electrons.

他忽略了所有非价层电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

They are now trying to sell everything to MGM-Mirage before being stripped of their license.

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Shabazz was beaten while another man was threatened and stripped of his belongings, Rios said.

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In 1974, they were granted exit visas, and while out the country were stripped of their citizenship.

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