So the ETF provider requires the bank to provide collateral (see diagram).

因此etf提供者要求银行提供抵押担保(见表)。

youdao

The bank now has to manage the risk of replicating the index; the provider faces the risk that the bank might go bust. So the ETF provider requires the bank to provide collateral (see diagram).

银行同意支付该供应商相当于被选基准指标比如新型市场指数的收益，供应商则将现金移交作为交换，然后银行就要负责复制指数的风险管理，供应商的风险在于银行有可能破产，所以ETF供应商会要求银行提供担保品（见图）。

youdao

Yet it also had to provide massive collateral guarantees to Banks, with the result that its total debt might actually increase.

但与此同时它还必须提供大量的附加额外担保，结果，债务总量实际上是增加了。

youdao

Furthermore, it was using a non-marketable instrument (the promissory notes) to provide collateral against these loans.

FORBES: Ireland's Promissory Note Deal

Also, banks insist on collateral against loans and since a large number of Indian women don't have the rights or title to property, they are unable to provide any collateral.

BBC: Does India need a bank for women?

But the Tories may privately reassure themselves with the notion that low turnouts are often thought to favour them over the other major parties, given that there are no other elections to provide a collateral boost to the overall number of voters this time.

BBC: Elections to show why county councils count