Furthermore, it was using a non-marketable instrument (the promissory notes) to provide collateral against these loans.
Also, banks insist on collateral against loans and since a large number of Indian women don't have the rights or title to property, they are unable to provide any collateral.
But the Tories may privately reassure themselves with the notion that low turnouts are often thought to favour them over the other major parties, given that there are no other elections to provide a collateral boost to the overall number of voters this time.
Banks and custodians will battle it out to provide a variety of collateral-related services in future, with third-party vendors and even CCPs themselves also vying for business.
But a disorderly default could prove even more costly: Not only would the ECB certainly lose on its bonds, but euro-zone governments would need to recapitalize Greek banks and provide them with adequate collateral to enable them to continue to access ECB lending facilities if Greece was to remain in the euro.
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It is the security or collateral that banks provide to those from whom they borrow.
Under euro-system rules, national central banks can only provide ELA to solvent banks against collateral.
The one bank that was a bit more frank that access to liquidity is an issue insists that the Bank of England's new and unconventional scheme to provide cash - the Extended Collateral Term Repo - will rectify things.
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The Bank of England wants its ECTR - which provides relatively cheap loans, at a minimum interest rate of 0.75%, in return for pretty much any old assets or collateral the banks can provide - to be seen as mainstream funding, not stigmatised emergency funding.
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The amount of gold transferred in collateral should be sufficient to provide a "shrinkage margin" that is, as with commercial banking transactions, not sized on a dollar-for-dollar basis but in excess of the amount of American commodities to be purchased.
In practice, the ECB is already playing a central role in dealing with failing banks because the ECB Governing Council must make decisions about whether to provide liquidity to these banks against eligible collateral or, as has become fairly common, in the form of Emergency Liquidity Assistance.
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If there is demand for SME loans, including no-collateral financing, should not the market provide it?
Finnish lawmakers agreed with Athens that if Finland agreed to provide new loans it must first receive 20% collateral which it would invest in AAA-rated bonds.
The only question is whether Nicosia tries to stem the pace of deposit flight by imposing capital controls or whether the ECB allows the Central Bank of Cyprus to relax its collateral rules sufficiently to permit it to provide unlimited Emergency Liquidity Assistance to a recapitalized banking sector.
This is partly because lenders ask for collateral that only the well-off can provide.
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Ten days short of the deadline a banker at ICICI Bank agreed to provide the guarantee, accepting Atul's word as collateral.
That is due not to action by governments but to the decisions by the European Central Bank, under the new leadership of Italian Mario Draghi, to provide banks with three-year funds and a significant loosening of its collateral requirements.
Stohl realized BLYS might provide a way to create a targeted new drug that reduced autoantibodies without causing this collateral damage.
That will require the REITS to put up more collateral, reducing the 6:1 or greater leverage they use to provide those generous 12%-plus yields.
For promising to provide liquidity should capital suddenly flee, the banks charge Argentina a fee and demand Argentine bonds as collateral.
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