美国哲学家皮尔士根据符号与指称对象之间的关系把符号分为类象符号、指示符号、抽象符号。

American philosopher Peirce divided signs into icon, index and symbol according to the relation between sign and its object.

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克里·普克、普特南是因果历史理论的代表，他们认为：专名是严格指示词，在每个可能世界都指称同一个对象。

Kripke and Putnam who has presented the theory of the historic causality consider that proper name is the rigid designator, and always refers to the same object in every possible world.

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