这个研究发现惩罚行为的使用与减少个体盈利有很强的相关性，并且在总体上不会给整个群体带来好处。

The study found that the use of punitive behavior correlates strongly with reduced individual payoff, and bestows no benefit on the group as a whole.

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“昂贵的惩罚，”这种被诺瓦克和他的团队研究的特定类型的惩罚行为，指的是处罚者愿意花费一定的成本来惩罚另外一些人的行为。

"Costly punishment," the type of punitive behavior studied by Nowak and his colleagues, refers to situations where a punisher is willing to incur a cost in order to penalize someone else.

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即使你觉得你必须惩罚错误的行为，也要奖励诚实。

Reward the honesty even if you feel you must punish the wrong action.

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And if you do that over the fullness of time, your reinforcement and punishment will give rise to a pig who walks forward.

如果你长时间的这么做，你的强化和惩罚,就会使这头猪形成向前走的行为。

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So, you reinforce the pig for walking forward and you punish the pig for walking backward.

那你就对这头猪向前走的行为给予强化,如果它向后退，你就惩罚它。

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Crimes in the one realm cannot be compensated by punishment in the other realm. A crime in the realm of life/personal injury has to be compensated in the same realm. In the same way property crimes are not punished by death.

一个领域内的犯罪行为不能通过另一个领域的,惩罚来补偿，造成人身伤害的罪行必须在,同一领域内偿还，同样地，财产犯罪,不能被处以死刑。

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