Education production is a super-complex process. The re se arch on school efficiency needs not only the theory, but also the empirical techniques.

教育生产是一个极其复杂的过程，对于学校效率问题研究既需要理论基础，又需要实证的技术。

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Empirical estimation of cost functions requires statistical techniques which relate the cost of constructing or operating a facility to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system.

利用基于经验的成本函数估算成本需要一些统计技术，这些技术将建造或运营某设施与系统的一些重要特征或属性联系起来。

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In this paper an approach to the study of theoretical research and empirical research, and statistical techniques of combining management thinking.

本文采用的研究方法是理论研究与实证研究相结合，管理思想与统计学技术相结合。

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New empirical techniques in merger evaluation, fed by scanner data and advances in the econometrics of differentiated products, are genuinely productive tools for estimating the market power of merged firms.

ECONOMIST: Nuclear fallout

Mr Qimani's work which would be unremarkable in any Western context applies the familiar techniques of empirical research to early Islamic history.

ECONOMIST: Wanted: Islam��s Voltaire