The model consists of perforation, wellbore, cement casing, oil layer, micro-annulus and transverse fracture.

模型中包括射孔孔眼、套管、水泥环、油层、微环隙和横向裂缝。

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Hence, the well designer plans on a safety margin of cement left inside the casing to guarantee that the fluid left outside the casing is good-quality cement.

因此，井眼设计人员在安全边界内设计留在套管内的水泥量，以确保套管外的水泥属于高质量的水泥。

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The float shoe prevents reverse flow, or U-tubing, of cement slurry from the annulus into the casing.

浮鞋能够防止环空中的水泥浆向套管内流动这种回流或者U型管效应的发生。

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Hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of fluid consisting of approximately 99.5% water and sand (the rest consists of common industrial or even household chemicals or materials) through wells constructed with protective casing and cement, into producing shale formations.

FORBES: Why Anti-Fracking Groups Are Shifting Their Story From Water To Air Quality

Halliburton was installing the cement casing for the drill operations.

CNN: STORY HIGHLIGHTS

It matters not how good the cement job or the plug and cement for abandonment, both cement and casing will deteriorate over time and eventually fail.

FORBES: The Fracking Solution Is A Good Cement Job