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So, that's what is meant by the term, Dark Ages, and that's what does follow the fall of the Mycenaean world.
那么,这就是这个术语的含义,黑暗时代,它紧随着,迈锡尼文明的陨落到来
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This was a civilization that was not shut in on itself, but was in touch with the entire Mediterranean region.
迈锡尼文明不是一个封闭的文明,它与整个地中海地区都有着联系
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There's just no way to explain that except to say that catalog of ships goes back to the Mycenaean Period.
除非《船舶名录》来源于迈锡尼文明时期,否则这点就无法解释了
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You find Mycenaean elements, tools, other things, pottery particularly of a certain kind, all over the Mediterranean Sea.
你可以在一些发掘的工具及其他物品,特别是某种陶器上,发现迈锡尼文明的影子遍布地中海区域
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So, the citadel and the farmland surrounding it, make up fundamentally the unit which is the Mycenaean kingdom.
因此,以城堡和周围的农田为根基,组成了称为迈锡尼帝国的文明
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And then, of course, there's lots of stuff that doesn't have anything to do with the Mycenaean period.
因此也有很多东西,和迈锡尼文明时期无关
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In the years of the Mycenaean period, roughly from 1600 to 1100 or so B.C., you are dealing with a largely unified culture.
在大约公元前一千六百年,至公元前一千一百年,迈锡尼文明时期,你将看到一个高度统一的文化
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What you see is a kind of cultural unity, first of all, within the Mycenaean world itself.
你看到的是一种文化的统一体,首先,在迈锡尼文明内部文化就是统一的
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Something less easy to say confidently, but probably clear, I think, is the whole legacy of Mycenaean culture is really lost, not fully though.
有些事想确切地说出来不容易,但可能已经比较明白了,我想,就是整个迈锡尼文明留下的遗产,确实遗失了,虽然并不是一点都没留下
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Whoever was writing the poems of Homer, whichever poets were contributing to that over the ages after the Mycenaean Period, they hadn't seen those Mycenaean sites.
不管是谁写的《荷马史诗》,无论那些诗人在迈锡尼文明之后,为该作品作出了多大贡献,他们都没见过迈锡尼文明遗址
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Let's take Mycenae, which is maybe the best example of the whole culture.
我们以迈锡尼城为例,这也许是此文明最好的例子
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That appears for the first time after the fall of the Mycenaeans.
它第一次出现于在迈锡尼文明衰落之后
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I think it's very important to notice that some of these places that were big in the Mycenaean world were entirely abandoned and not settled again by the Greeks.
我认为值得注意的是,这些地方中有些是,在迈锡尼文明中占据重要地位的城邦,就这样被彻底遗弃了,而且并没有被希腊人重建
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But if we look at the society that emerges, this Dark Age society that emerges from the ancient world of Mycenae, what you have is a rare human experience.
如果我们仔细观察这渐渐浮出水面的社会,这个从古代迈锡尼文明浮现出来的,黑暗时代的社会,你会得到一些相当宝贵的经验
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There are also differences, sometimes, in the shape of weapons that we find in the Greek World after the Mycenaean Period compared to what are described in Homer's poems.
在武器的设计上有时也有差异,处于后迈锡尼文明的希腊所发现的,武器和《荷马史诗》的描述是不同的
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Now, not all Mycenaean sites are so far from the sea; some of them are closer, but what it's important to say is that none of them are right on the sea.
不是所有迈锡尼文明遗址都离海这样远,有些距海近些,但重点是,它们没有一个在海边
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Now, the legacy from the Mycenaeans to Greek civilization later is very limited. But what there is, is very important and no part of it is more important than the Homeric poems themselves.
现在看来,从迈锡尼文明,继承的希腊文明遗产,十分有限,这些有限的部分都很重要,但没有任何一部分比荷马式的史诗本身更重要
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They'll be sort of post-Mycenaean then proto-geometric.
大致顺序,先是后迈锡尼文明时期,然后是"原几何"时期
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The Mycenaeans had regular trade with Egypt.
迈锡尼文明与埃及有固定的贸易往来
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Typically, we speak of the Bronze Age, the Mycenaean Period and so on, followed by the Dark Ages, but after that,you started having refined terms which derive actually from the world of the history of art.
通常,我们会说,青铜时代,迈锡尼文明时代,等等,之后是黑暗时代,但是在那之后,开始有精确的术语来界定时代,这些术语实际上源于艺术史的领域
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So, what you have to imagine is sometime back, I would argue, in the Mycenaean Period, somebody began making up one of these songs, telling the story of Greeks going to attack the city of Troy.
所以,你们想象一下在过去的某时,我当然是说在迈锡尼文明时期,有人开始创作这些诗歌中的某一首,它描述了希腊人攻打特洛伊的故事
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Many a scholar are very reluctant to admit that there's any Mycenaean stuff here, although they cannot fail to concede that some of the physical implements that are found at Mycenaean sites are precisely like what Homer says.
许多学者不愿承认,存在于迈锡尼文明时期的文物,尽管他们勉强同意,在迈锡尼文明遗址中发现的文物,和荷马描述的非常接近
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We begin to know more about three or four hundred years down the road, when there appear buildings and settlements in the world later inhabited by the Greeks, as we know, to which we give the name Mycenaean.
约三四百年之后当这块希腊人聚居的土地,出现了建筑和住宅群,我们才开始对它有了更多的了解,并将其命名为今天人人皆知的"迈锡尼文明"
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Because the Mycenaean centers all reveal for that stretch of time that they're scared. The proof of it comes from strengthening their already quite strong walls in almost all the sites that we see, and also--this is a very important fact.
因为在迈锡尼文明的中心,有迹象表明在一段时期,他们受到了威胁,这样说的证据是,我们发现的几乎所有的遗迹,都在本就很坚固的城墙上继续加固,而且,这是一个很重要的史实
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In other words, they couldn't just have named towns that used to be Mycenaean, but were still around, so that's why they knew them. No, some towns had disappeared, but the names of those towns show up in the catalog of ships.
换句话说,诗人们仅仅利用,现存的迈锡尼文明城镇的名字,是不可能列出名单的,有些城镇消失了,但它们的名字却出现在《船舶名录》中
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I'm going to contrast that with the situation in Greece after the fall of the Mycenaean world, and I was going to say not just in the Mycenaean towns themselves, but over the entire Aegean Sea and indeed across the Mediterranean.
我将会把它与,迈锡尼文明陨落之后的希腊来做对比,我说的不仅是迈锡尼城镇本身,而是整个爱琴海,乃至整个地中海地区
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