Sometimes receptors, when they interact with ligands, create changes in what proteins are actually being produced by the cell.

有时受体与配体结合后,带来的变化实际是,决定细胞开始合成何种蛋白质

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All those things have to happen in an orderly fashion, in enough quantity in order for a particular cell to make a protein.

所有的步骤必须按部就班,保质保量地进行,让一个特定的细胞合成特定的蛋白质

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One of the strands encodes the protein, encodes for the protein, the other does not.

一条链编码蛋白质,指导蛋白质合成,另一条则不能

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Gene expression, for us, will mean the same thing as production of a particular protein.

对我们来说,基因表达就等于合成特定的蛋白质

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One of them has the right sequence of codons to specify the amino acid sequence of the protein, and the other one has a complimentary sequence.

该段带有正确的密码子序列,能够指导氨基酸序列合成蛋白质,另一段则是它的互补序列

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So it lets you do a profile of not just the genes that you possess, for example, but what genes are actually being used to make proteins in the cells that surround the fluid where this was collected.

他不仅能让研究者了解,人带有哪些基因,还能知道,在收集到的体液细胞的样本中,哪些基因是合成蛋白质的

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Taking foreign genes, genes that aren't naturally expressed or might not even exist inside a cell and putting them there and putting them there in a way where they work, and by work meaning the gene gets expressed or translated into a protein.

将异源基因,即那些在细胞中原本不表达或者,根本不存在的基因转入细胞并让它们工作,工作就是指让基因持续表达并合成蛋白质

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If the messenger RNA for protein is not present in a cell, then that can't be translated, obviously, and the protein can't be made.

如果细胞中没有,用来合成蛋白质的mRNA,那就不能进行翻译,很明显,蛋白质也不能被合成

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Well, that anti-sense strand is shown here as the red and the cell is naturally making the blue or sense strand of messenger RNA for a particular protein.

好的,反义链在这里以红色表示,细胞自身会造出合成某种,特定的蛋白质的蓝色RNA正义链

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Now the challenge is not just to get the DNA that encodes a gene into a cell, the challenge is to get it into the cell in a form where the cell can use it, can express it and make proteins from it.

现在的问题不仅在于,要将编码基因的DNA转进细胞,还要让它进入细胞之后,能够为细胞所用,能够表达并合成蛋白质

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That RNA is made into proteins, and proteins are the working molecules of the cell, they're enzymes, they're structural molecules, they're are proteins that exist in the membrane that allow things to go in and out of the cell, so really the working molecules are the cell in every sense.

这些RNA指导合成蛋白质,蛋白质是细胞生命活动的承担者,它们可以是酶,或是结构性分子,也可以存在于细胞膜上的膜蛋白,能够让一些物质通过它们进出于细胞,所以蛋白质才是真正意义上,细胞生命活动的承担者

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