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Everyone is an enforcer or what Locke calls " "the executor"of the state of nature and he means executor literally.
每个人都是执行者，或洛克说的,自然法的“执刑者,这个“执刑者“可以字面上理解。
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Well, this brings me to some criticisms or at least some questions about Hobbes' conception of the laws of nature.
好，这令我产生了批判的想法,至少是一些关于霍布斯,对于自然法概念的问题。
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So an arbitrary taking of property would be a violation of the law of nature and would be illegitimate.
所以任意掠夺他人财产,就侵犯了自然法，就是非法的。
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Although pro-slavery writers will become deeply contemptuous of Natural Law of Natural Law doctrine as it can be applied to the possibilities of man.
虽然亲奴制的作家,会非常蔑视自然法和及其规律法则,因为它能激发人类的潜能
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Now, he describes in pretty harsh and even grim terms what you can do to people who violate the law of nature.
他用很强硬甚至可怕的字眼描述,你可以怎样对待违反自然法的人。
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The first and most fundamental law of nature, he says, is to seek peace and follow it.
第一条也是最根本的的一条自然法就是，去寻求和平并且沿袭下去。
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Those, you might say, summed up in a word are what the 19 laws of nature command.
那些就是总结在,19条自然法中的法令。
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And this law of nature constrains what we can do even though we are free, even though we are in the state of nature.
这种自然法制约着我们的行为,即便我们是自由的，即便是在自然状态下。
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And he calls these laws, these 19 laws of nature, the true and only moral philosophy.
他把这些称之为法，19条自然法，正确的和唯一道德的思想。
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The main inconvenience is that everyone can enforce the law of nature.
主要的一点就是每个人都能行使自然法。
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Well, violations of the law of nature are an act of aggression.
违反自然法是一种侵略行为。
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Here is Hobbes' rewriting of the Golden Rule in terms of these laws of nature but these raise a question for us ? as readers of Hobbes. Right? Don't they?
这里霍布斯从自然法的角度,重写的黄金法则,但是这给我们这些霍布斯的的读者们,带来了一个问题，对吧！不是吗？
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Even though I am free, I'm not free to violate the law of nature.
即使我是自由的，我也不能随意违背自然法。
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If someone violates the law of nature, he is an aggressor.
如果某人触犯了自然法，他就是侵略者。
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Under the law of nature, I'm not free to take somebody else's life or liberty or property, nor am I free to take my own life or liberty or property.
根据自然法，我不能随意剥夺他人的生命，自由或财产，也不能随意剥夺自己的生命，自由或财产。
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These laws of nature are for him the true and only moral philosophy.
这些自然法对他而言是,真正的和唯一道德的思想。
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And Locke observes that when people are the judges of their own cases, they tend to get carried away, and this gives rise to the inconvenience in the state of nature.
而洛克发现当人们审理自己的案子时，他们往往会失去理智，这就引出了自然法的不便之处。
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What is the status of the laws of nature?
自然法是什么状态？
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The natural laws for Hobbes are not divine commands or ordinances, he says, but they are rules of practical reason figured out by us as the optimal means of securing our well-being.
对霍布斯来说，自然法不是神圣的法令,或者条例，但这些是,我们发现的实践理性的法则,就像一种最佳的方式保护我们的幸福生活。
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Presumably, these are activities that are all engaged in risk taking behavior of one kind or another that seem not to be able to be explained by Hobbes' law of nature alone.
大体来说，这些活动都,与冒险的行为有关,而这些行为并不能仅仅为,霍布斯的自然法所解释。
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The only constraint given by the law of nature is that the rights we have, the natural rights we have we can't give up nor can we take them from somebody else.
自然法唯一制约的,是我们拥有的这些自然权利,我们不能放弃，也不能剥夺他人的。
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Hobbes, as we see, sometimes writes as a sort of scientist or proto-scientist for whom nature and one supposes the laws of nature operate with the same kind of necessity as the laws of physical attraction.
霍布斯有些时候,像科学家或者原科学家一样写作,对他来说，自然和自然法,与另一种必需法则,即物质吸引的法则共同作用。
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It's a law of nature.
而是一种自然法。
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So, what starts out as a seemingly benign state of nature where everyone is free and yet where there is a law and the law respects people's rights, and those rights are so powerful that they're unalienable.
乍一看自然状态是十分良善的,人人皆自由，但还有自然法,自然法尊重人们的权利，而这些权利是如此强大，它们是不可剥夺的。
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What are we to make of these laws, ? as I've asked before? In one sense, there seems to be a genuine moral content to Hobbes' laws of nature which can : be reduced to a single formula: Seek peace above all other goods.
就像我曾经说过的那样，我们会怎样制定这些法则呢，从某种角度看，在霍布斯的自然法中,似乎有一个真正的道德内涵,可以简化成一个公式：,在一切物质层面之上寻求和平。
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That's how he often writes about human behavior, that we obey the same laws of physical attraction as do any other bodies that we might choose to describe. They describe how bodies in motion always and necessarily behave, these laws of nature.
这是他经常说的人类行为，我们遵守同样的物质吸引的法则,其他人也一样,他们描述运动中的身体,经常而且肯定会，体现出自然法。
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And not only can you punish with death people who come after you seeking to take your life, you can also punish a thief who tries to steal your goods because that also counts as aggression against the law of nature.
不仅可以处死那些,跟踪你想谋害你的人，还可以惩罚想偷你东西的小偷,因为那也算侵犯了自然法。
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These laws of nature, as he describes them, do not issue categorical commands so much as Y sort of hypothetical rules. If you want X, do Y; if you want peace, here are the means to it.
如霍布斯所述，这些自然法，不如假设的规则发布的绝对命令多,如果你想得到X，你就要去做;,如果你想要和平，这就是方法。
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