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Let's begin with the internet people. The internet people wanted convergence with the telephone and later television networks, because they wanted ubiquitous.
让我们从互联网人开始说起,互联网人想要和电话以及后来的,电视网络聚合，因为他们无所不在。
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Then after that you began to see the convergence of the old and new, the integration of the old and new.
在那之后你们开始看到新旧的聚合,新旧的整合。
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These other instruments are filling in these things at various spots to produce this aggregate of the chord.
这些不同的乐器在不同的点上聚合成了一个和弦。
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This is solid state up here, aggregates of atoms.
这是固体，是原子的聚合物。
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The technique I want to talk about is one called Polymerase Chain Reaction.
我想讲的技术是聚合酶链式反应
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So let's talk about convergence, convergence of the internet, telephone and television networks.
因此让我们讨论一下聚合，互联网,电话和电视网络的聚合。
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So this was a bit of joke and surprise made them angry about this convergence. Then something even worse happened. People started to talk about using the internet to carry voice conversations for free.
所以这有种开玩笑和惊奇的意味,使他们对聚合很生气，而后更,糟糕的事发生了，人们开始谈论关于,使用互联网免费传输声音会话。
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And once again we, our ears,hear this aggregate of sound and then we say, "Oh,it's got that,that,that,that," and we extrapolate out of that information that it is this particular chord.
然后再来听到这样的声音的聚合，然后我们可以说，“哦，到了那里，那里，那里，那里”,然后我们能够推断出这就是我们所指的那个和弦。
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We're familiar with polymers, plastics in our daily life; the chairs that you're sitting on are made of a kind of a plastic polymer that is basically an organic chemical that is cross-linked together.
我们应该很熟悉聚合物,比如日常生活中的塑料就是,你们坐的椅子,就是由一种塑料聚合物构成,它由基本的有机化学物质交联在一起
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And we pointed out, however,that one individual has a--the music that has all of these parts on it--and that, of course,is the conductor who has the full conducting score-- the full score--in front of him or her.
我们可以指出，这样的个体，音乐将所有的零碎的部分聚合在了一起，而这样，指挥家拥有整个乐曲的谱子-,就在他或她的面前。
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A polymer is just a large molecule that's made up of repeated units.
聚合物就是由,重复单位构成的大分子
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The nucleotide has a directionality, there's an up and a down to it and it's going to turn out the chain that's formed by polymerizing these has a directionality as well and that's important in defining the structure.
核苷酸有方向性,有上端和下端,核苷酸长链,是由核苷酸沿一个特定方向聚合而成的,这在定义结构时很重要
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Things like steel and polymers, or plastics, and ceramics, and of course computers which has progressed remarkably due to the work of engineers in your lifetime, until now you can carry around a cell phone, which would have been unthinkable even 30 years ago.
包括钢铁,聚合物,塑料,陶瓷,当然,计算机这个在你们的有生之年,已经取得令人瞩目的进展的发明,也得归功于工程师的工作,现在你们的手机能随身携带,而这在三十年前是不可想象的
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Cross-linked is not the right word-- that is chemically bonded with repeat units to make large molecules so that when you have a bunch of large molecules together they have certain physical properties like the solid property of the plastic that you're sitting on.
交联这个词不确切,应该是由化学键连接的,重复单位构成大分子,当许多分子聚合在一起后,它们就会具有某种物理特性,就像你们正坐着的,塑料一样,具有固体特性
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The reason that 3' is important is that when you polymerize two nucleotides together and a third nucleotide, and a fourth nucleotide, when you polymerize nucleotides together they get polymerized, the phosphate of one gets linked to the 3' carbon of another.
'碳部位重要是因为,当你把两个核苷酸聚合在一起,然后再聚合第三个,第四个的时候,核苷酸在聚合时,磷酸基与另外一个戊糖的3'碳部位连接
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Translation occurs by a special kind of polymerization where these transfer RNA's operate by Watson-Crick base pairing.
翻译过程是一种特殊的聚合过程,当tRNA按照,沃森克里克碱基互补配对原则进行配对
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You first separated your DNA, let the primers bind, then turn on the enzyme, and it makes copies of each one of these.
首先解旋DNA双链,使引物结合,接着激活聚合酶,最终得到各链的复制产物
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When these nucleotides get polymerized to form a long DNA molecule they all get polymerized in exactly the same way, the chemistry is the same.
当这些核苷酸多聚化,形成一条长链DNA分子时,它们的聚合方式和,化学结构都完全相同
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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I told you that that's driven by a protein called RNA polymerase.
此过程由称为RNA聚合酶的蛋白所介导
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Nucleic acids, of which DNA is an example, are polymers of nucleotides.
核酸以及其中的DNA分子就是个例证,核酸就是核苷酸聚合物
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Remember we talked about how DNA replicates itself and that there are enzymes, DNA polymerase that bind to the double stranded DNA, separate it, denature it locally, and then start the process of replication.
请记住DNA复制必须有酶的参与,DNA聚合酶结合在双链DNA上,打开双链并原位变性,然后才开始复制
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That DNA gets replicated to make many more copies of the viral DNA using host mechanisms, that is, often using the DNA polymerase which is naturally present in the host cell for its own replication.
病毒DNA进行复制,通常是利用在宿主细胞自身的有关物质,利用宿主细胞中天然存在的,DNA聚合酶来大量复制病毒DNA
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You add a special DNA polymerase called Taq polymerase And Taq polymerase is a polymerase that was identified, a DNA polymerase that was identified from an organism that lives in regions of the earth that are constantly at high temperature.
然后你加进一种特殊的,被称为Taq的DNA聚合酶,Taq聚合酶是已被鉴别出的聚合酶,这种DNA聚合酶是从一种生活在,地球上某些常年高温的区域中的,生物体内发现的
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A primer is a short RNA sequence or DNA sequence that gets sort of the process of replication jump started, and that's just because of the biological properties of DNA polymerase that that primer's needed.
引物是一段短的RNA或者DNA序列,引物是整个复制的起点,因为DNA聚合酶的,生物特性,引物在复制过程是必不可少的
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In order to have DNA you have to make DNA and your cells are continually making DNA inside your body, through a process of DNA synthesis and that synthesis is occurring because of the presence of an enzyme, a protein called DNA polymerase.
为了使每个细胞都具有DNA,身体通过一个叫做DNA合成的过程,不停的生产DNA,这个合成过程是在,一种酶的催化下进行的,这种酶叫做DNA聚合酶
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It operates in a similar fashion to DNA polymerase in that it denatures locally or opens up the double stranded DNA, but it's different in that it creates a new polymer from the DNA template in the language of RNA, using RNA nucleotides and not DNA nucleotides.
它的作用机制类似于DNA聚合酶,在局部使DNA双链变性,解旋,但不同的是,它合成了一个基于DNA模板的,使用RNA编码语言的新聚合物,即使用核糖核苷而非脱氧核糖核苷
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