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By the time we get to 1644, this is the year that Areopagitica appears, we're well into the English Revolution.
到1644年，就是《论出版自由》出版的那一年，我们真正进入了英国革命。
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In other words, it was written directly in the aftermath of a bombshell published by Leon Trotsky called Literature and Revolution in 1926.
也就是说，它是针对,1926年列夫托洛斯基发表的引起轰动的,文学与革命，而写的。
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This is the year in which we have two dominant groups in the new revolutionary Parliament.
这也是我们在新革命性的议会中,拥有两个占统治地位的团体的一年。
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His father wrote for revolutionary newspapers, He was assassinated in 1922 in Europe on account of his publishing activities.
他父亲为一些革命报纸写作，因为他的出版活动,他在1922年于欧洲遇害。
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Well,it wants to rationalize the administration of France-- it wants to do other things,too, but that's not this course.
它想对法国行政机构设置进行合理化改进,当然了,革命还有其它的目的,这节课我们先不谈
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But just what was the nature of the revolution ? contemplated by our founder, Machiavelli, the founder of modern political science?
但什么样的革命,本质是我们这位创始人所思索，这位现代政治科学的创始人？
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They had common heroes and common customs and a certain common heritage of the American Revolution; make no mistake.
他们崇拜同样的英雄,有同样的习俗,还有享有一定同样的美国革命遗产,这点不要弄错
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This is a key moment in the evolution of revolutionary politics in Russia as we shall see a little later on.
这是俄国革命变革的关键时刻,我们之后会谈到这些
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What kind of knowledge, if any, can be had from the shattering experiences of revolution or rape, those models of history that I proposed last time?
什么知识能从我上次讲到的,历史形式的的粉碎性的经验里，比如革命或者强奸里获得？
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The example, and the ideas it produced, encouraged and informed the French and the American revolutions, and the entire modern constitutional tradition.
这次革命和它的理念,促成了,法国和美国的大革命,并使现代宪法制度得以发展
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By the time of the American Revolution these are the elements that were known.
到了美国革命的时候,这些元素都已知了。
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Well there are interesting evolutionary reasons that we'll talk about in the class for that.
之后我们会讲到,这背后非常有趣的革命性的原因
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But with the revolution of democracy in Athens, which also spread then to other Greek cities, partly because Athens did what George Bush tried to do in Iraq, they tried to force democracy on other Greek cities around the Eastern Mediterranean also.
但随着雅典民主革命的进行，这场革命随后传到了其他希腊城市，原因之一，类似小布什在伊拉克的计划，雅典企图把民主制度,推行到地中海东部的其他希腊城市。
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I think it's the most important revolution in finance of the last couple decades.
我认为行为金融学是近几十年中,金融学所发生的最重要的革命
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One is that he's just re-arranged an equation here and gotten both his PhD thesis and a Nobel Prize, but I think the more representative way to think about this is the real revolutionary idea that he put forth, which is that matter can actually behave as a wave.
一个是德布罗意仅仅,重新排列了一个方程,而且完成了博士论文并获得诺贝尔奖，但是我认为更具有代表性的观点,是他提出了实在的革命性的观点，那就是物质会有波的性质。
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He developed an entire vocabulary, a rhetoric of righteous disobedience, of resistance, of protest and revolution.
他创造出了一整套词汇，一套用来表述,正义的不服从，反抗，示威，以及革命的词汇。
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This is just a general historical irony that surely at some point besets all revolutionary movements, and it's an irony that particularly appalled John Milton.
这是个普遍的历史讽刺,当然这也在某种情况下困扰了所有的革命活动，这也是让弥尔顿特别惊异的讽刺。
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The Market Revolution was driven, of course, by the growth of cities, which became market centers and manufacturing centers.
市场革命不断推进,当然,高速发展的城市是一大动力,它们正成为市场和工业中心
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That's why he calls his essay "On Literary Evolution," not literary "revolution" but literary "evolution."
这就是为什么他的论文题目是，文学进化“,不是，文学革命，而是，文学进化“
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And it's that picture of the universe, Kaufman wants to argue, that is challenged by the monotheistic revolution. Again he sees this as a revolution of ancient Israel.
考夫曼提出，正是这个宇宙的大致框架，受到了来自一神论革命的挑战，在考夫曼看来,这是古以色列的一次革命。
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In 1649, the great Puritan Revolution reached an unspeakable climax.
649年，浩浩荡荡的清教徒革命达到了高潮。
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Trotsky's Literature and Revolution is a brilliant book, an attack on many things and a defense of certain other things, but in particular and very painfully an attack on the formalists.
列夫，托洛斯基的文学与革命非常精彩，它攻击了许多当时的理论，同时也维护了一些，但是它特别猛烈地攻击了形式主义者。
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Hobbes clearly saw himself, in many respects, as founding a political science modeled along that of the early founders of the scientific revolution.
霍布斯很清楚地看到他自己，在很多方面，和早期科学革命的创立者一样,是政治科学的奠基者。
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And, as in the French Revolution, that is 1789 and following, and as in 1848, clubs of women began to form demanding rights.
随着法国一七八九年革命,及其后的发展,大约在一八四八年,女权俱乐部开始形成,主张女权
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There was no equivalent of the Royal Society that you're reading about in London that was very important in the diffusion of the scientific revolution.
在俄国没有与英国皇家学会一样的组织,伦敦的皇家学会对科学革命的传播非常重要
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Maybe not quite as revolutionary as the computer,but close.
也许它的革命性不及电脑，但很接近。
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It has a long boulevard, the Nevski Prospect, very important in 1917.
它拥有一条幽长的林荫大道,这便是有名的涅瓦大街,它见证了一九一七年的二月革命
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The English Revolution came about, in large part, because of King Charles' attempt to impose an alien religious conformity, as well as tighter political control on his kingdom.
接下来就是英国革命爆发,这主要是因为,查尔斯国王的努力,他施行异教统一制,同时在国内施行更加严厉的政治统治
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