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Their autonomy was assisted by the continuing struggle between popes and Emperors, between church and state, again, a thoroughly unique Western experience.
他们的自治权是在君主和教皇的争斗中,国家与教堂的战争中促成的,这又是一次西方文明独特的经历
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and the lowest standards because they are not really self-regulating.
标准最低的地方，因为他们不是自治的。
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Again, the autonomous Greek polis Glaucon Adeimantus that Plato and Glaucon, Adeimantus and others would have known came to an end.
自治的希腊城邦,一如柏拉图,和其它人所熟知的,已走到终点。
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Because people view themselves as committed to an ethics of autonomy, they can't just say it's disgusting.
因为他们视自己为,遵循自治道德的，他们不能说“这很恶心”
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From the first, Syracuse is an independent polis, autonomous, self- whatever regime it wants, etc.
首先锡拉库萨是一个独立自治的城邦,如,可以独立地决定政体
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The tradition of these decentralized city-states that were the heart of the Renaissance.
这些城邦国家自治的传统,确实是文艺复兴的核心所在
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The universal state will never allow for or does not allow for the kind of self-perfection that a small, self-governing polis will have.
万国之城将永不会允许,或说不会允许一种自我完善,那只有在小型，自治的城邦中才行得通。
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For the ancients, liberty meant living in a self-governing republic, living in a republic in which everyone again took some share in the ruling offices.
古人认为自由即意味着,生活在一个拥有自治权的共和国里，一个人人都有机会,治理国家的地方。
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But you might say just as Machiavelli broke with the dominant model of Christian universalism, so too did he reject the ancient model of the small, autonomous republican state.
但各位也可读到,当马奇亚维利打破,处于优势之基督普遍主义模式的同时，他也拒绝了,古代模式的，小型自治共和国。
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Now, Western cultures, as I've said, are highly invested in an ethics of autonomy and so debates we have in our culture tend to be framed in terms of an ethics of autonomy.
我之前说过，西方文化，具有强烈的自治道德,所以我们文化中的争议,都是从自治道德的观点出发的。
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There's an ethics of autonomy.
一种是自治德道。
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It is the center of his life and it explains the Greeks devotion to the independence, to the autonomy of the polis, and their desire to beautify and make it as great as it could possibly be.
这理论是伯里克利的一生所求,并且它解释了希腊人民,为何对独立,对城邦的自治权,如此忠护,以及他们为何如此渴望,去竭尽全力地美化和建设城邦
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The people who think it's okay have every right to say that they believe, if they really, sincerely believe it's okay, they are committed to an ethics of autonomy.
认为没问题的人,绝对可以说他们相信…,如果他们是真的相信没问题的话，他们是真的遵循自治道德的。
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In other words, we should not care what people say about us, but we should be prepared to develop qualities of self-containment, autonomy and independence from the influence that others can exercise over us.
换句话说，我们不应理会别人怎么说我们，而我们应准备好,发展自制的特质，自治与自主,排除他人,可能对我们的影响。
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Aristotle lived at the virtual cusp of the world of the autonomous city-state of the Greek polis.
亚里士多德住在可说是希腊城邦世界中,最顶尖的自治城市。
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Taking advantage of the rivalries I've mentioned, they obtained charters from the local powers establishing their rights to conduct their own affairs and to govern themselves.
利用我之前提及的抗争,他们获得了地方政府的特权,建立了他们自己的,区域自治制度
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So for example, when we're talking about the rights of men and women and what they should be allowed to do, many people in our society following an ethics of autonomy will argue that they should have equal rights in all domains of behavior.
举个例子，等我们谈到男女的权利时,谈到他们有权做什么时，我们社会中很多人,受自治道德的影响都会认为,他们有平等的权利做各种各样的行为。
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The most excellent princes of the past were those like Moses, he tells us, who brought tables of law and prepared people for self-government.
历史上最杰出的君王是摩西那样的,他告诉我们，摩西带来了刻有法律的石板,而后让人们据此来自治。
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Aristotle went on to say that the justice needed to control this dark side of human nature can be found only in a well ordered society of free people who govern themselves, and the only one that he knew was the Polis of the Greeks.
亚里士多德还说过,正义需要用来,控制人性的丑恶面,只有在公民自治的秩序井然的,社会里才能找得到正义,他所知道的这样的社会就是希腊城邦
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But this seems to be a very far cry, ? does it not, from the kind of justice he talks about in the soul that consists in what we might think of as sort of rational autonomy or self-control where reason controls the passions and the appetites.
但这似乎非常地遥不可及，不是吗，若以他所谈灵魂的正义种类看来,那包含了，在我们可能会称之为,理性自治里,或自控,当中理性,控制激情与渴求。
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