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That they exist is a proof that American ideals are not the tawdry pretenses they are so often accused of being.
或许这类人的存在,正证明了美国式理想并非无可挑剔,或者说它也在经受着现实的折磨，“
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if the employer can show what is called a "Bona Fide Occupational Qualification", a BFOQ.
就是雇主能够证明存在“法定职业要求”，简称BFOQ。
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Now in the passage I gave you, Freud says a very interesting thing, which is that after all, we have absolutely no objective evidence that the unconscious exists.
在我发给大家的文章中，弗洛伊德说到了非常有意思的一点，那就是完全没有客观的证据,来证明潜意识的存在。
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When I talked about arguments for the existence of a soul, I said, "Look, here's one possible argument.
当我谈论证明灵魂,存在的论证时,我说过,"这里有个可能的论证
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There is considerable evidence for different forms of innate knowledge and innate desires and we'll look--and we'll talk about it in detail when we look at case studies like language learning, the development of sexual preference, the developing understanding of material objects.
大量不同形式的证据,证明了先天知识和先天欲望的存在,当我们讲到语言学习，性偏好发展,以及物质客体理解的发展，等主题的个案研究时，会来细讲这些证据。
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Now this was nineteen-eighty-two, quite a long time ago, at a time when people really weren't paying much attention to calories like they are now, so you'd expect the errors to decline as time goes on and there's some evidence of that, but they're errors nonetheless.
这是1982年的实验,很早之前了,当时的人们并不像今天的人们一样,那么关注卡路里,所以你会预计误差会随时间推移而减小,有证据证明了这一点,但误差仍然存在
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It turns out even without the synergy this problem would be there.
事实证明即是没有协同此问题依旧存在
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We've been talking about the question, What arguments might be offered for the existence of a soul?
我们一直在讨论这样一个问题,用什么论证可以证明灵魂的存在
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We've spent the last week and a half or so, maybe a bit more, two weeks, talking about arguments for the existence of the soul.
我们已经花了一周半,也许还多点,两周吧,来讨论证明灵魂存在的论证
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And so we've got a--we could imagine then a-- Descartes-like argument saying, "If I can imagine the Evening Star without the Morning Star, that shows the Evening Star and the Morning Star must be two different heavenly bodies."
所以我们得到一个,我们可以想象一个,笛卡尔式的论证,如果我能想象昏星存在而晨星不存在,这就证明了昏星,和晨星肯定是两个不同的天体
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For my money, I find the beginnings of the scientific explanation sufficiently persuasive and sufficiently compelling that I don't find the argument from near- death experience--as an argument for the existence of a soul-- I don't find it especially persuasive.
在我看来,我觉得这些初步的,科学解释已经足够有说服力,足够令人信服,而从濒死体验的角度,来证明灵魂存在论证,我认为它不是特别有说服力
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That doesn't prove that the argument fails, but it does mean that you're going to have your work cut out for you if you're going to use this route to arguing for the existence of a soul.
但这并不表明这个论证就不成立,而它确实意味着,如果你要用这种途径,来证明灵魂存在的话,你需要有人帮你解答疑团
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As I said, we've been considering different kinds of arguments for the existence of a soul, each of which appeals to some feature about us-- our creativity, our ability to feel, the fact that we have a qualitative aspect of experience, our ability to reason-- what have you.
我说过,我们考察了各种各样,证明灵魂存在的论证,每一种都诉诸我们的某种特性,我们的创造性,我们的感知能力,当然还有我们定性方面的经验,我们推理的能力,诸如此类的
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And so, Descartes' attempt to establish the distinctness of the mind, the immateriality of the mind, on the basis of this Cartesian thought experiment, I think that's unsuccessful.
所以,笛卡尔试图,用他的卡式思想实验来证明,心灵的独立存在性,和非物质性,我认为这种尝试是失败的
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If you find this argument convincing, what it's an argument for is the claim that even if souls do exist, they may not be the key to personal identity.
如果你信服这个观点，我们要证明的是,就算灵魂真的存在，也不是人格同一性的关键。
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That approach pretty clearly isn't going to work for souls, because a soul--and again, we've got in mind this metaphysical view, according to which it's something immaterial-- isn't something we see.
但这种方法显然不能用来证明灵魂的存在,因为灵魂,我再一次说明,从这种形而上学的角度来看,灵魂是非物质实体,我们看不到它
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But even if we didn't think we could show that the soul would continue to exist at least it could, it would make perfect sense to think about it continuing to exist.
但即使我们不觉得,我们能证明灵魂继续存在,至少有这个可能，认为灵魂不死,对很多人来说很有意义。
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Well,if I just am my personality,then I don't exist in Phase D, because there's nothing there to be me,nothing with my personality.
如果我只是人格的代表，那在D阶段我就是不存在的，因为没有什么可以证明我的存在，我的人格已经消失。
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What other kinds of arguments could be offered for the existence of a soul?
还有什么其他论据,可以证明灵魂的存在呢
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I believe the attempts to establish the existence of a soul, an immaterial object, the house of consciousness separate and distinct from the body, I think those arguments fail.
我认为,无论是试图证明,灵魂作为一种非物质的东西,而存在,还是证明心灵,这个意识的处所,独立于肉体,我认为这些论证都不成立
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So, here's a new argument for the existence of the soul.
所以,这里有了一个新论证证明灵魂存在
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We prove their existence by using our five senses.
我们可以通过我们的五感来证明它们的存在
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Still, that doesn't mean that we should believe the argument for the existence of the soul from near-death experiences, because the question remains, "What's the best explanation of what's going on in near-death experiences?"
但是,这并不意味着,我们应该相信那些从濒死体验角度,来证明灵魂存在的论证,因为问题仍在,对于濒死体验的,最好解释是什么
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How do we prove the existence of things?
怎样证明事物的存在呢
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