It used to be that government officials were all picked by political patronage and they, very often, were incompetent.

过去政府官员,通常都是走后门进来的,他们经常都是不称职的。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

And,in conclusion,the state becomes the new ways that patronage,economic,financial, cultural,political,is dispensed.

总之,国家,变成了施与经济的,金融的,文化的,政治的恩惠的新方法

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选