As far as economics is concerned, there are also two ways: the failure of the market and the cost of exchange.
经济学论证国家存在的必要性有两个进路：市场失灵说和交易成本说。
Then it uses the request - proxy theory, the property right and cost of exchange theory, rent-seeking theory to explain the superiority property right.
运用委托——代理理论，产权和交易费用理论，寻租理论论述民营银行的产权优势的成因。
The scale which is scientific and reasonable ensures that profit is improved, cost of exchange is reduced and enterprise competitive competence is increased, economy of scale is come true as well.
科学合理的规模结构不仅是实现规模经济的基本条件，而且是提高经济效益、降低交易成本、获得较高的企业竞争力的重要保证。
Our calculations of the cost of our trip were thrown out by changes in the exchange rate.
我们旅行费用的计算因为汇率变动而完全打乱了。
The point of the assault on Gaza, rather, is “to reduce the cost of a prisoner exchange” and to force Hamas to call a ceasefire in return for some calm.
而袭击加沙的意义倒是在于"降低交换囚犯的代价"，迫使哈马斯要求停火，以得到一些安宁。
There the lovely Pimka, head of customer relations, patiently tries to explain the cost per night and exchange rate to me.
客户代表平喀耐心地向我解释房金和汇率方面的事情。
BHP fell 3.6 percent to A$38.77 at 12:32 p.m. Sydney time on the Australian stock exchange. The cost of protecting its bonds from default rose the most in more than three months.
截至悉尼时间上午10点08分，澳大利亚股票交易所的必和必拓股价下跌3.3%，至每股38.84澳元，防止债券违约的成本升至3个月来新高。
These incomes are converted not at market exchange rates, but at purchasing-power parities (PPPs), taking account of the higher cost of living in Japan.
这些收入不是按照市场汇率换算的，而是按照平均购买力计算的，把在日本更高的生活成本考虑了进去。
These powerful security features are essential for many types of business data exchange, but they do come with a cost in terms of added processing overhead.
这些强大的安全特性对于许多业务数据交换都至关重要，但是它们在处理开销方面会增加成本。
Thanks to Internet protocols, high-speed networks, low-cost devices, and the standardization of document formats, it’s now simpler than ever to exchange information.
得益于互联网协议、高速网络、低成本设备以及文档格式标准化，现在进行信息交换比以往任何时候都要简单得多。
The Baltic Exchange dry index, which measures the cost of dry bulk shipping, continued to drop.
作为衡量世界干散货航运价格的指标，波罗的海干散货运价指数持续下跌。
These incomes are converted not at market exchange rates, but at purchasing-power parities (PPPs), which take account of the higher cost of living in Japan.
这些收入数据不是按照市场汇率计算出的，而是根据购买力平价(PPPs)系数计算得出，考虑了日本较高生活成本的因素。
Roche rose 1.4% on the SIX Swiss Exchange after announcing cost-cutting plans that will result in the loss of around 4,800 jobs, or 6% of its workforce.
瑞士股市方面，罗氏制药公司股价上涨1.4%，该公司公布了一项削减成本的计划，将减少4800个工作岗位，占总岗位数的6%。
These riches have been generated despite the ability of investors to take advantage of low-cost exchange-traded funds and index-trackers. Investors have surged off-piste in search of higher returns.
尽管投资者利用低成本的交易所交易基金和跟踪指数基金的能力还有待提高，但还是制造了这么多的富豪。
His facility can churn out 5, 000 pairs of socks every hour at a cost of about 25 cents a pair, he says, which at current exchange rates still leaves him a tiny profit.
他的工厂每小时可以用大约25美分每双的成本生产5000双袜子，他表示，即使在现在汇率下他还可以获得一些利润。
In organizing exchange, firms incur the cost of systems to inform, monitor, and reward their employees.
在组织交易行为时，企业存在通知、监督、以及回报员工等一系列成本。
Roche rose 1.4% on the SIX Swiss Exchange after announcing cost-cutting plans that will result in the loss of around 4, 800 jobs, or 6% of its workforce.
瑞士股市方面，罗氏制药公司股价上涨1.4%，该公司公布了一项削减成本的计划，将减少4800个工作岗位，占总岗位数的6%。
This is only a pointer to some of the problems that may lie ahead - issues of command and control, data exchange and the cost of a truly comprehensive system.
这对那些如指挥和控制的问题，数据交换问题和一个真正全面的系统成本来说仅仅是一个暗示。
They are stock exchange that buys up talent for whatever the cost, gets the best out of some and dumps the rest.
他们就像证券交易所，不管什么价格买来天才，然后把球队中最好的球员留下，剩下的卖掉。
The point of the assault on Gaza, rather, is "to reduce the cost of a prisoner exchange" and to force Hamas to call a ceasefire in return for some calm.
而袭击加沙的意义倒是在于“降低交换囚犯的代价”，迫使哈马斯要求停火，以得到一些安宁。
Stronger exchange rates would also shift growth away from exports and boost house holds' real spending power by reducing the cost of imports in local currency terms.
强汇率也会就本地货币而言降低进口成本而改变出口导向型的经济增长，并提高家庭的真正消费力。
Direct exchange of Internet securities which indicates the future orientation of securities transaction can reduce the cost and improve the efficiency remarkably.
网上证券直接交易能显著降低交易成本、提高交易效率，发展前景十分广阔。
In the modern economic society which is base on the exchange of knowledge and information, high efficiency and low cost of information transaction is more 'and more important.
在以知识经济和信息交换为基础的现代经济氛围中，信息联系的高效率和交易费用的最低化一直是人们所期盼的。
This paper studies the relationship between corporate disclosure quality and the debt cost of Chinese listed companies with A-share companies listed in Shengzhen Stock Exchange.
以深圳证券市场部分A股上市公司为样本，研究了我国上市公司信息披露质量与企业债务成本之间的关系。
Academic exchange cost refers to the total amount of cost incurred in the academic exchange unit during a specific period.
学术交流成本就是指学术交流主体在一定时间内为进行学术交流活动所支付的全部费用。
Seeing that ion exchange process for treatment of boiler feed-water is of high cost and difficult to master, composite antiscale KH- 209 is developed and prepared.
针对采用离子交换法处理锅炉用水时费用高且技术难以掌握等问题，研制开发了KH-209复合阻垢剂。
Institution itself is a kind of scarce resources, and a good institution has four functions: information, de-creasing exchange cost, incentive and restriction.
制度本身是一种稀缺资源，好的制度具备信息、降低交易成本、激励和约束四大功能。
Institution itself is a kind of scarce resources, and a good institution has four functions: information, de-creasing exchange cost, incentive and restriction.
制度本身是一种稀缺资源，好的制度具备信息、降低交易成本、激励和约束四大功能。
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