In 1971, Nasdaq was the first electronic exchange and, as I wrote in February, since 2000 the number of fast, low cost electronic exchange start-ups has more than doubled from 20 to 50.
And those big plans were on average still paying more than what any investor could achieve with a portfolio of low-cost exchange traded funds ( ETFs) and mutual funds.
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Some vigorous critics of 401(k) plans have argued that the plans will get better soon, thanks to the proliferation of low-cost exchange-traded index funds and new rules that force the plans to more fully disclose their costs to investors.
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One cause of Myanmar's financial mess is the cost of the army (see chart, which, by using the ludicrous official exchange rate, significantly understates the cost of imported weapons).
Smaller equipment is better: An extra couple of square feet in an exchange's data center can cost thousands of dollars per month.
The company attributes the red ink to expenses associated with the cost of listing on the American Stock Exchange and complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as development expenses in Kazakhstan.
Fortunately, today's markets offer thousands of low-cost mutual funds and exchange-traded funds.
There he lead a drastic series of cost-cutting changes at the Exchange which had just awarded CEO Dick Grasso an outrageous compensation package.
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This would ensure that the federal cost of the Medicaid expansion population covered through Exchange plans is comparable to what it would have been had those individuals been covered through the Medicaid program.
Low-cost exchange-traded funds buy baskets of gold stocks and typically have low fees.
Brands essentially underwrite the cost of products that consumers are already purchasing in exchange for their branding to be applied to those goods.
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Jon Copestake, editor of the survey, cited exchange-rate movements as the main driver for the increases in the cost of living in Australia and Singapore.
To finish the story, I made a decision in 1997 that my clients would earn their fair share of market returns through a portfolio of very low-cost index mutual funds and exchange-traded funds that track industry benchmarks.
For much of the 19th and 20th centuries the city's local politics were dominated by Tammany Hall, as the local Democratic organisation was known, which provided modest services for the poor in exchange for votes and at the cost of massive corruption.
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Example: The Covisint auto industry exchange will strip 10% out of the cost of a car.
One problem is that surgery can have an enormous placebo effect, masking a reality of meager benefits in exchange for the risk and cost it entails.
However, shopping in Spain is very cheap, and with the exchange rate generally rising in my favour, the cost of living for me is slowly falling.
The creation of an insurance exchange would also provide better and lower-cost options for workers in small businesses that do not offer health insurance.
In exchange, local governments will pool their share of the cost and reduce their pumping from today's 145m gallons a day to 90m by 2007.
Free trade makes us wealthier by increasing the number of people with whom we can exchange goods and services at low cost.
PPPs can be a handy guide to the cost of living in countries, they may not be a reliable guide to future exchange-rate movements.
Some observers have also suggested a tax on currency exchange, the so-called Tobin tax, to increase the cost of short-term speculation.
Betterment uses low-cost exchange-traded funds from iShares and Vanguard Group, and takes a management fee of 0.15% to 0.35% on top of underlying fund fees.
"People used to talk about each stock having a principal exchange, " says Daniel Mathisson, managing director in charge of a Credit Suisse division that uses computers to direct trades to the lowest-cost exchange at any given moment.
Whenever the main index of the Taiwan Stock Exchange nears 6200--widely seen as the average holding cost for government-backed funds that entered the market last year--local investors try to get out before the government-related investors begin to sell.
The cost of insuring against bad outcomes in equity markets, at least as measured by the Chicago Board Options Exchange's VIX index of volatility, has been rising in recent days.
Well, while there might not seem like much of a difference to the average retail investor, for the trading venue, there are cost benefits to becoming an exchange.
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Without question, if dropped, most employees making under 400% FPL will find their way to an exchange, whether state or federally-run, to pick up the subsidy, ballooning the total cost of the law.
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Employer-clients like Boeing, Citigroup, Pfizer and Microsoft sign contracts in which they agree to pay everything from construction costs to ongoing maintenance in return for on-site child care services for their employees' children. (Often, these employer "sponsors" will also subsidize the parents' tuition.) Under certain "cost-plus" contracts, the employer-sponsors will even shoulder some of the care center's risk in exchange for more control of the operations.
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