Thanks to the three Rs, animal research had been falling from a peak of about 5.5m procedures a year in the 1970s, but recently numbers have stabilised, as genetically modified animals have started to be used to model human disease.
Likewise, the next generation patient portals will have central importance in any outcomes-based model particularly with chronic disease that makes up 75% of healthcare spend.
McKay and his colleagues used embryonic stem cells to create a particular type of neuron that can be used to treat a model of Parkinson's disease in mice.
Long-term is the one and only Rehabilitation model capable of healing the typical chemical addict, one far enough along in the disease to have been referred to any level of treatment.
Analysts estimate that the disease could represent many hundreds of millions of dollars a year in sales for Alexion, which underscores the model that the company leverages: There are big profits in solving extremely rare disorders.