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The states are ceding many blocking powers, but in return for new ones from the federal level, particularly in higher education, the penal system and civil-service law.
ECONOMIST: German reform
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They propose a smaller parliament and civil service, a new electoral law, a better system of tax collection and measures to stimulate the economy.
BBC: Italy experts present reforms in new coalition bid
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The profession most dominated by Oxford and Cambridge graduates was the diplomatic service at 62%, followed by the law at 58% and the top echelons of the civil service at 55%.
BBC: Oxbridge dominates list of leading UK people
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Ministers have identified limited access to the professions - such as law, medicine, the senior civil service, media, finance and the upper ranks of the Armed Forces - as a major obstacle.
BBC: Milburn to tackle social mobility
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In fact, one federal law, the Hatch Act, explicitly prohibits civil service workers from making such donations, the idea being to shield them from the politics of patronage.
FORBES: Sorry, Keith Olbermann: NBC's Donations Rule Is Legal
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Having bolder ambitions, Bhavarlal moved to what was then Bombay to study commerce and law, after which he prepared to join the civil service.
FORBES: Drop By Drop
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In June the Slovaks amended a law to make it easier for politicians to control the civil service.
ECONOMIST: The European Union's new members
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In October the Polish government passed a law to give politicians greater power to appoint top civil servants, and scrapped the independent civil-service office.
ECONOMIST: The European Union's new members