美国的潜在增长率——也就是,在不推高通涨的情况下年产出能够扩张的速度——也正在下降。
America's potential rate of growth-that is, the pace at which annual output can expand without pushing up inflation-is also falling.
法国的劳动力成本高,似乎是出口下降背后的原因。
France's high labor costs seem to be behind the drop off in exports.
That ratio may have been higher in the nineteenth century; it's gradually trending down, but it's a slow-moving thing.
在19世纪这个比率要高一些,然后逐渐下降,但这是个缓慢变化的过程
You see the radius is high and then it falls.
你看到半径是高的,然后下降。
That little J shaped curve is explained primarily by cigarette smoking because that keeps weight down in people, it also makes people sick so that their weight gets low because of that, and it explains the high rates of the disease risk there.
这个小J形曲线主要是由吸烟引起的,因为吸烟一方面能让体重降低,另一方面也引起疾病,疾病让人们的体重下降,这也解释了这里的高患病风险
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