水工隧洞设计（如圆形、马蹄形断面）在设计规范中给出了计算方法和公式，并考虑了围岩的抗力作用。
The calculation methods and formulae were shown in many standards fo designing hydraulic tunnel including sections of circle and hoof with considering the effect of elastic resistance.
针对水利工程上常用的城门洞形及马蹄形过水隧洞，利用临界流方程，给出了旨在用于临界流分析的断面参数Z和水力指数M 的计算公式和表示水深与Z以及M 之间的关系曲线。
Based on the basic critical flow equation, formulae, which used to determine section factor Z and hydraulic exponent M for critical flow in city gate and horseshoe conduits, were derived.
马蹄形过水断面是无压输水隧洞中常采用的断面形式之一，因其几何形状复杂，水力计算困难。
It is difficult to calculate normal water depth of horseshoe cross section, because its complex geometrical shape.
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