来自亲戚的额外贷款和礼物是出于集体义务，而不是狭隘的投资计算，补充了个人储蓄。
Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings.
交通堵塞会产生额外开销和不可预测性，这让投资者望而却步。
Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things that keep investors away.
降级立刻增加了借贷成本，因为投资者要求额外费用以补偿更高的感知风险。
A downgrade immediately increases borrowing costs as investors demand a premium to compensate for the higher perceived risk.
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