当法律规则要求行人承担损失,则行人的收益就是行人保持谨慎的费用加上事故的预期成本(expected cost),其中预期成本是事故损失与发生事故可能性的乘积,事故的可能性则当然取决于参与人采取的特定策略组合。
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这显示了办公套件的重要性以及它的预期成本(参见参考资料)。
This shows the significance of office suites and the expected cost (see Resources).
在软件项目中导致准确预期成本、日程和人员需求很困难的问题包括。
The issues that make it so difficult to accurately predict costs, timelines, and staffing requirements on software projects include.
对其进行改进的预期成本极高,这可能会导致协和式飞机永远退役。
The anticipated high costs of improvements may result in the Concorde never flying in regular service again.
So, the optimal thing to do if you live in a world like this n is to get n as large possible and you can reduce the standard deviation of the portfolio very much and there's no cost in terms of expected return.
如果现实中也这样简单的话,那么你就尽量增大,这样就能让投资组合的标准差,就会大大降低,从预期收益率的角度来看,这样做的成本是零。
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