来自威斯康星大学的朱利奥托·诺尼提出，这额外的学习时间会使大脑维持正常运行的消耗越来越大。

Giulio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin proposes that this extra learning makes the brain more and more expensive to maintain.

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在威斯康星大学的同事凯拉奇莱利的帮助下，托诺尼博士创造了一种每晚只睡两到三小时的变异果蝇。

With the help of Chiara Cirelli, who also works at the University of Wisconsin, Dr Tononi has created a mutant fruit fly that sleeps only two or three hours a night.

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一些中型城市——比如巴西的库里提巴和弗洛里亚诺波利斯，墨西哥的托卢卡和梅里达，哥伦比亚的麦德林——正在开启展示比那些大型城市更加活跃的经济。

Some medium-sized cities—such as Curitiba and Florianópolis in Brazil, Toluca and Mérida in Mexico and Medellín in Colombia—are starting to show more dynamism than the urban behemoths.

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