早期时，启动一台计算机意味着要给计算机喂一条包含引导程序的纸带，或者手工使用前端面板地址/数据/控制开关来加载引导程序。

In the early days, bootstrapping a computer meant feeding a paper tape containing a boot program or manually loading a boot program using the front panel address/data/control switches.

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图1演示了这一情况，该图显示了同一台计算机上的多个应用程序可以使用同一OR B相互通信，并可以与不同计算机上的应用程序进行通信。

This is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that multiple applications on the same machine can use the same ORB to communicate with each other and with applications on different machines.

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的确，科学家们经常会发现一切都不同以前，现在一些更具备技术能力的志愿者能在科学家编写的计算机程序中找到“臭虫”(计算机程序缺陷)并帮助他们进行修复。

Indeed, scientists often find the tables are turned, with some of the more technically minded volunteers spotting bugs in their computer programs and even helping to fix them.

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OK, and that leads now to an interesting question, which would be, "How do I build a mechanical process to capture that set of computations?"

好，现在出现了一个有趣的问题，就是“我怎么样才能建立计算机程序,去捕捉一系列的计算呢？

麻省理工公开课 - 计算机科学及编程导论课程节选

And the robot or the computer or what have you is just automatically, mechanically following the code commands of the program.

那些机器人,或叫做计算机等等,只是自动地,机械地执行程序的命令代码

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up employing something called programming, the act of constructing, telling a computer to do your bidding.

你们会使用一种叫做程序设计的方法，或称之为构建，即让计算机去执行你的命令。

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