为了避免交际失败，外语学习者不仅要具备语法能力，还应具备语用能力。
A foreign language learner must have not only grammatical competence, but also pragmatic competence to avoid failures in communication.
负语用迁移是外语使用中非常普遍的现象，也是造成交际失败的最重要原因之一。
Negative pragmatic transfer is a very common phenomenon in foreign language use and it is also one of the most important reasons for communication failures.
语用失误必将带来双方交流的不畅甚至失败。
Pragmatic faults between conversation sides will bring the language ineffective or even failure.
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