尽管这向天文学家证明了金星被一层厚厚的气体所包围，这层气体使太阳光在金星周围发生折射，但这两种效应都使精确的时间控制成为不可能。
While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.
这个团队不是研究X光射线如何被不同的材料吸收，反而是关注X光射线如何转向或者当x光射线穿过不同物体时如何折射。
Instead of relying on how X-rays are absorbed by different materials, they have instead focused on how they are diverted or refracted as they pass through different substances.
在这个距离，恒星的光源光被折射，或拉伸成红外波长，在外层空间只有斯皮策太空望远镜才能观测到。
At this distance the optical light from stars is shifted, or stretched, to infrared wavelengths that can only be observed in outer space by Spitzer.
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