哺乳动物细胞的表型遗传学取决于整个机体的繁殖实验。
The formal genetics of mammalian cells has been dependent on breeding experiment with whole organisms.
表型遗传学是一种可以从细胞传递到其子细胞的基因调控方式。
Epigenetics is a type of gene regulation that can be passed from a cell to its daughters.
如由噬菌体介导的细菌毒力基因的转移、细菌耐药基因的传递等导致了病原菌基因表型的多态性，这在医学与遗传学中是一个日益严峻的重要问题。
For example, transfer of virulence gene and transmission of drug-resistant gene mediated by a phage results in gene polymorphism of bacteria, which is an important problem in medicine and genetics.
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