有两种措施可以帮助克服这些难题：征收碳排放税直接减少污染，通过补助金或者其他激励措施鼓励开发利用环保型原材料的新工艺。

To solve these problems, it helps to have two instruments to hand: a carbon tax to discourage pollution directly, and subsidies or other incentives to encourage innovation around the cleaner input.

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但粮价上涨对产量增长的促进作用可能远大于补助金，并且很大程度上弥补了上涨的燃料，肥料和其他材料的成本。

But high grain prices may have encouraged this more than the subsidies, which have been largely offset by the rising cost of fuel, fertiliser and other materials.

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