然而，莫南德先生没有说，这是如何发生的。

Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say.

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莫南德先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键，在于改变 “培养知识分子 ” 的方式。

The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced".

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但是，莫南德先生认为，专业化背后的关键理念是：“对于某一特定的专业来说，所需知识和技能可以传授，但不可以转让。”

But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable."

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