佛教以为万法皆由因缘所生，无自性，所以是“空”；其说显然有极大的缺陷，如说缘起性空，果从因来，构成此果之因又是由前因所成，如此层层相追，则构成万法之第一因如何而来？如仍有诸前因、诸前缘，则非第一因；
三者的区别体现在：哲学指研究万有或整个实在的第一原则或第一因；
Their differences are listed as follows: philosophy means research of the first principle or of the first causes of all things;
这个难题促使我不得不去探索那更高的第一因，那第一因的智慧甚至应与人的智慧有相仿之处。
When thus reflecting I feel compelled to look to a First Cause having an intelligent mind in some degree analogous to that of man; and I deserve to be called a Theist.
这一问题询问一个原因，由于目的提供了第一位的答案，因此它是第一因，而其名副其实也一目了然，因为如果我们问：某物为何产生了一个结果？
Which question calls for a cause. Now since the end provides the first answer, it will be the first cause. That it really does so is evident, for if we ask: Why does something produce an effect?
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