本文根据力学原理，研究了弹簧端圈的弹性变形能。推导出修整后弹簧刚度公式，并通过实例得到证实。
According to the mechanical theory, this paper researches the spring deformation energy and induces the spring rigid formula, which confirmed by examples.
从原材料纯度、表面质量、弹簧腐蚀及端圈结构等几个方面阐述了影响转向架钢制螺旋弹簧疲劳寿命的因素。
The factors affecting fatigue life of coiled steel springs for bogies are expounded from such aspects as purity of raw material, surface quality, spring corrosion and structure of end coil.
当茶点端到我们面前的时候，他们坐成一圈看着我们吃。
When refreshments were put before us, they sat round and watched us eat.
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