省察各阶段赋体蜕变之后，发现它一如物种的演化，我们不难找到操控其他基因使之发生复制错误的「突变者基因（mutator gene）；还可以了解赋在演化过程，也如物种在趋同演化，经常因基因交换形成了不同于亲代的新组合。
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例如，因为突变的基因可以提高铁的吸收效率，所以遗传性血色素沉着病突变可以保护带菌者不缺铁。
For example, the hereditary hemochromatosis mutation protects carriers from iron-deficiency because the mutated gene allows increased efficiency of iron absorption.
创始者突变是一类引起疾病的基因突变，每一种都源自其自身祖先的“创始者”。
Founder mutations are a class of disease-causing genetic mutations, each derived from its own ancestral "founder" in whom the mutation originated.
约翰逊：还有，最先进的物种，比如人类和类人猿，是数百万年前物竞天择的压力和基因突变两者结合作用下的产物。
Another thing: the most developed species, like humans and apes, are products of a very specific combination of selection pressures and genetic mutations over millions of years.
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