裂纹形成的断裂为穿晶解理机制，预应变可导致更多的二次裂纹。

The fractography of the fatigue crack initiation displayed cleavage facet and more second cracks after pre-training.

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说明顶层的金属纳米晶作为一层额外的电荷俘获层可以通过直接隧穿机制进一步延长保留时间和提高平带电压漂移量。

The upper metal nanocrystals as an additional charge trap layer enable the direct tunneling mechanism to enhance the flat voltage shift and prolong the retention time.

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结果表明，黄铜管的开裂为氯离子引起的穿晶应力腐蚀开裂；

The results showed that it was chlorine ion that resulted in transgranular stress corrosion cracking in brass tubes.

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