在机组空载工况下如何整定PID参数及防止参数间配合不合理，是水轮机调节关心的问题。
Under no-load operation, how to set the PID parameters and prevent misfit among the parameters is concerned in hydro-turbine regulation.
发动机空载工况的辨识在车辆动力传动系统仿真和车辆的起步、换档自动控制中起着重要的作用。
Important function is played by identification of engine no-load mode in simulation of power transmission system, starting and automatic shifting control of motor vehicle.
详细介绍了半挂车空载、半挂车满载、牵引车满载工况的试验和计算方法，并以实例进行了说明。
Tests and calculation methods in vehicle operating modes such as unloaded semitrailer, fully loaded semitrailer and fully loaded tractor are described in detail with actual operating vehicle.
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