该观测器包含有估计误差的比例和积分回路，可同时得到状态和未知输入估计。

The PI observer has two feedback loops, a proportional loop and an integral loop of the estimation error; in this way, the PI observer can estimate not only the states but also the unknown inputs.

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本文介绍一种针对摆式积分陀螺加速度计(PIGA)的输出与回路状态变量进行实时测试的自动化测试系统。

In this paper an on-line automatic testing system is introduced which detects the output and loop state variables of a pendulous integrating gyro accelerometer (PIGA) by means of computers.

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压力系统采用气动回路，气缸作为执行元件，比例阀为控制元件，使用动态积分分离算法闭环控制。

Cylinder is executing element of air pressure system. Proportional valve is the control element. A dynamic integral separated PID algorithm control press.

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If you have a quantity which is constant over any closed path, that quantity is a thermodynamics state function.

如果有一个物理量,对任何闭合回路积分是常数，这个物理量就是一个热力学态函数。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选