然而，并不能确定者之间有直接的因果联系，德国柏林夏洛蒂医科大学和德国标准计量机构-国立计量研究院的研究团队说。

However, a direct cause-and-effect isn't clear, said the team at the Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin and of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), the German National Metrology Institute.

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这一过程能使您确定消息的发送者以及消息在传递途中是否被修改过。

This process enables you to determine both who sent the message and whether it changed en route.

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